Many white migrs believed that their mission was to preserve the pre-revolutionary Russian culture and way of life while living abroad, in order to return this influence to Russian culture after the fall of the USSR. The nature of the link between the Whites in France and Germany is well encapsulated by the Russian Fascist Party (Russkaia fashistkaia partiia, RFP). Among these stillborn initiatives was the Unification Center for Russian Nationalist Organizations, comprising the Russian journal Tribune Libre (Free Tribune), the Friendship Union of Russian Veterans, the Patriotic Association of Young Russians in Paris, and the Russian Empire Union. Factories welcomed Russian ex-soldiers as they tended to be hard-working and non-unionised, says Jevakhoff, himself the grandson of an imperial officer turned Parisian train station porter. [17] RG, Les migrs russes en France et linfluence hitlrienne sur leurs groupements, January 29, 1938, pp. 12, AN/1988206/7; A/S de Wladimir Krassinksy et de lUnion des Jeunes Russes, April 1932, 6 p., AN/20010216/283. [25] PP, report dated September 3, 1930, 4 p., AN/19880206/7. [11] According to the White Russian newspaper Vozrozhdenie (Renaissance), Russian Freemasons actively worked to steer their French brothers in an anti-Soviet direction. Hundreds of members of the Russian aristocracy . Some sold books, some handcrafted souvenirs and some flowers. In the aftermath of the October Revolution and the civil war, many Russians immigrated to France. [35] Internal Organization of the Society of the Faithful and Make-Up of Its Action Committee (translation of a German document), October 1920, 9 p., AN/F/7/13424. Of those, an estimated 100,000 settled in China. Audience ratings certified by ACPM/OJD. Many military and civil officers living, stationed, or fighting the Red Army across Siberia and the Russian Far East moved together with their families to Harbin (see Harbin Russians), to Shanghai (see Shanghai Russians) and to other cities of China, Central Asia, and Western China. Many White Russian migrs participated in the White movement or supported it. Having lost Paris support, France-based White Russians turned to the political opposition for support. [34] PP, Ligue Internationale Anti Communiste, 3 p., May 31, 1933; State police of Nice to the General Director of National Safety, A/S de la Ligue Anti Communiste, 2p., July 6, 1933; Central Commissioner of Bordeaux to the Interior Minister, Ligue Anti Communiste, May 10, 1933, 3p.; General Commissioner of Bordeaux to the General Director of National Safety, Ligue Anti Communiste, 2 p., May 4, 1934, AN/20010216/168. [24], White migrs fought with[clarification needed] the Soviet Red Army during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang and the Xinjiang War of 1937.[25]. Some would flee a Europe at war; others would remain loyal to a defeated France led by Marshal Ptain; and still others would venture into the world of collaborationism. [25] After the death of its founding father, General Wrangel, Grand Duke Nikolai appointed General Kutepov as the new head. [28], The White Russian women mostly worked in the "Badlands" area adjoining the Beijing Legation Quarter on the east, centered on the alley of Chuanban Hutong. "She used to say she had lived completely different lives, and that each was rich in its own way," says her granddaughter Catherine Melnik, an art dealer whose elegant Paris apartment is crammed with Russian paintings. [5] PSC, report dated October 8, 1924, 4 p.; Les monarchistes russes et lItalie, November 9, 1922, AN/F/7/15943/1. One faction pledged for Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the eldest surviving son of Alexander III; another faction supported Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, a grandson of Emperor Nicholas I. Berlin and Paris developed thriving migr communities. Some white migrs, labeled "Soviet patriots," adopted pro-Soviet sympathies.
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