Phylogenetic analyses of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase protein families support the hypothesis that the molecular common ancestors of the most ancient gene families did not all coincide in space and time. A classic example is the requirement of template RNA for amino acid incorporation during protein synthesis which was proved in vitro by Nirenberg in 1961 using a cell-free system extracted from E. coli (Nirenberg and Matthaei, 1961). (2015). Overlapping Nucleotide Determinants for Specific Aminoacylation of RNA Microhelices. (1992). Such a modified tRNA allowed incorporating NC-AAs with better efficiency in an E. coli in vitro translation system (Hohsaka et al., 2001). Accessibility Mol. Translation 5 (1), e1327006. We are exclusively discussing E. coli AARSs and tRNAs unless otherwise indicated. 361 (1), 2528. Bioeng. (2018). Chem. In general, tRNA charging by AARSs with amino acid takes place in two steps (Figure 2). (2015). Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins Proteomics 1764 (2), 307319. Webtransformation. A Soluble Ribonucleic Acid Intermediate in Protein Synthesis. This section briefly describes the editing/proofreading mechanism used by AARSs to ensure faithful aminoacylation. 30 (20), 105e105. Miyanokoshi, M.; Yokosawa, T.; Wakasugi, K. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase mediates high-affinity tryptophan uptake into human cells. WebGene provides a unified query environment for genes defined by sequence and/or in NCBI's Map Viewer. Flexizyme is derived from acyl-transferase ribozyme through directed evolution and sequence optimization. (2015). 135 (33), 1229712304. 2021 Aug;89(7):427-447. doi: 10.1007/s00239-021-10014-4. (2015). Am. ; Inn, K.-S.; et al. ; Kim, D.G. Gene Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Ligands with high binding affinity were clustered, and then the pharmacokinetics properties of therapeutic agents were investigated. Another approach is to reassign existing codons for NC-AA incorporation. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(73)80415-8, Esvelt, K. M., Carlson, J. C., and Liu, D. R. (2011). 15 (11), 28432849. Biophysics Rep. 3, 140143. Improved Cell-free RNA and Protein Synthesis System. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.12333, Fauzi, H., Jack, K. D., and Hines, J. V. (2005). Pre-transfer editing can occur in two methods. Med. Genes. Biol. 2008;190:11247. 25 (17), 36583660. The modular nature of PURE has made this system also an appealing starting point for bottom-up synthetic cell approaches (Niederholtmeyer, Stepanova, and Maerkl, 2013; Lavickova, Laohakunakorn, and Maerkl, 2020).
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