The general principle behind Slater's Rule is that the actual charge felt by an electron is equal to what you'd expect the charge to be from a certain number of protons, but minus a certain amount of charge from other electrons. Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): The Shielding of 3p Electrons of Nitrogen Atoms. This permits us to quantify both the amount of shielding experienced by an electron and the resulting effective nuclear charge. Previously, we described \(Z_{eff}\) as being less than the actual nuclear charge (\(Z\)) because of the repulsive interaction between core and valence electrons. Determine the effective nuclear constant. (1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d) (4f) (5s, 5p) . Others performed better optimizations of \(Z_{eff}\) using variational Hartree-Fock methods. For example, Clementi and Raimondi published, 2.7: Magnetic Properties of Atoms and Ions, "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions." Slater's rules allow you to estimate the effective nuclear charge \(Z_{eff}\) from the real number of protons in the nucleus and the effective shielding of electrons in each orbital "shell" (e.g., to compare the effective nuclear charge and shielding 3d and 4s in transition metals). Slater's rules are fairly simple and produce fairly accurate predictions of things like the electron configurations and ionization energies. Educ., 1993, 70 (11), p 956, Kimberley A. Waldron, Erin M. Fehringer, Amy E. Streeb, Jennifer E. Trosky and Joshua J. Pearson, "Screening Percentages Based on Slater Effective Nuclear Charge as a Versatile Tool for Teaching Periodic Trends", J. Chem. Sum together the contributions as described in the appropriate rule above to obtain an estimate of the shielding constant, \(S\), which is found by totaling the screening by all electrons except the one in question. What is the shielding constant experienced by a valence p-electron in the bromine atom? Slater's Rules can be used as a model of shielding. . J Chem Phys (1963) 38, 26862689, James L. Reed, "The Genius of Slater's Rules" , J. Chem. Others performed better optimizations of \(Z_{eff}\) using variational Hartree-Fock methods. Solution B S[3d] = 1.00(18) + 0.35(9) = 21.15, Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Shielding of 3d Electrons of Copper Atoms. Asked for: S, the shielding constant, for a 3d electron, Solution A Br: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5, Br: (1s2)(2s2,2p6)(3s2,3p6)(3d10)(4s2,4p5). B S[2p] = 1.00(0) + 0.85(2) + 0.35(2) = 2.40, D Using Equation \ref{2.6.2}, \(Z_{eff} = 2.60\). Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Shielding of 3d Electrons of Bromine Atoms. The model we will use is known as Slater's Rules (J.C. Slater, Phys Rev 1930, 36, 57). . What is the effective nuclear charge experienced by a valence d-electron in copper? Determine the electron configuration of boron and identify the electron of interest. Use the appropriate Slater Rule to calculate the shielding constant for the electron. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us [email protected]. A B: 1s2 2s2 2p1 . Determine the electron configuration of bromine, then write it in the appropriate form. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. the shielding experienced by an s- or p- electron, electrons within the n-2 or lower groups shield, \(n_i\) is the number of electrons in a specific shell and subshell and, \(S_i\) is the shielding of the electrons subject to Slater's rules (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). To quantify the shielding effect experienced by atomic electrons. . The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Determine the electron configuration of nitrogen, then write it in the appropriate form. Asked for: \(S\), the shielding constant, for a 2p electron (Equation \ref{2.6.0}), \[S[2p] = \underbrace{0.85(2)}_{\text{the 1s electrons}} + \underbrace{0.35(4)}_{\text{the 2s and 2p electrons}} = 3.10\nonumber\], Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\): The Shielding of valence p Electrons of Bromine Atoms.
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